月度归档： 2022 年 4 月

Promise And Async/Await in other languages

If you’ve ever programmed with Javascript, you definitely know about Promise and async/await. C#, Java, Python, and some other programming languages apply the same pattern but with other names such as Task or Future.

On the contrary, Go doesn’t follow the pattern at all. Instead, it introduces goroutines and channels. However, it isn’t difficult to replicate the pattern with goroutines and channels.

Single async/await

//javascript

const longRunningTask = async () => {
    // Simulate a workload.
    sleep(3000)
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(100))
}

const r = await longRunningTask()
console.log(r)

package main

import (
	"fmt"
        "math/rand"
	"time"
)

//golang

func longRunningTask() <-chan int32 {
	r := make(chan int32)

	go func() {
		defer close(r)
		
		// Simulate a workload.
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 3)
		r <- rand.Int31n(100)
	}()

	return r
}

func main() {
	r := <-longRunningTask()
	fmt.Println(r)
}

To declare an “async” function in Go:

• The return type is <-chan ReturnType.
• Within the function, create a channel by make(chan ReturnType) and return the created channel at the end of the function.
• Start an anonymous goroutine by go func() {...} and implement the function’s logic inside that anonymous function.
• Return the result by sending the value to channel.
• At the beginning of the anonymous function, add defer close(r) to close the channel once done.

To “await” the result, simply read the value from channel by v := <- fn().

Promise.all()

It’s very common that we start multiple async tasks then wait for all of them to finish and gather their results. Doing that is quite simple in both Javascript and Golang.

//javascript

const longRunningTask = async () => {
    // Simulate a workload.
    sleep(3000)
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(100))
}

const [a, b, c] = await Promise.all(longRunningTask(), longRunningTask(), longRunningTask())
console.log(a, b, c)

package main

import (
	"fmt"
        "math/rand"
	"time"
)

//golang

func longRunningTask() <-chan int32 {
	r := make(chan int32)

	go func() {
		defer close(r)
		
		// Simulate a workload.
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 3)
		r <- rand.Int31n(100)
	}()

	return r
}

func main() {
	aCh, bCh, cCh := longRunningTask(), longRunningTask(), longRunningTask()
	a, b, c := <-aCh, <-bCh, <-cCh
	
	fmt.Println(a, b, c)
}

In Golang, we have to do it in 2 lines of code and introduce 3 more variables, but it’s clean and simple enough.

We can not do <-longRun(), <-longRun(), <-longRun(), which will longRun() one by one instead all in once.

Promise.race()

Sometimes, a piece of data can be received from several sources to avoid high latencies, or there’re cases that multiple results are generated but they’re equivalent and the only first response is consumed. This first-response-win pattern, therefore, is quite popular. Achieving that in both Javascript and Go is very simple.

//javascript

const one = async () => {
    // Simulate a workload.
    sleep(Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(2000)))
    return 1
}

const two = async () => {
    // Simulate a workload.
    sleep(Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(1000)))
    sleep(Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(1000)))
    return 2
}

const r = await Promise.race(one(), two())
console.log(r)

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

//golang

func one() <-chan int32 {
	r := make(chan int32)

	go func() {
		defer close(r)

		// Simulate a workload.
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(rand.Int63n(2000)))
		r <- 1
	}()

	return r
}

func two() <-chan int32 {
	r := make(chan int32)

	go func() {
		defer close(r)

		// Simulate a workload.
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(rand.Int63n(1000)))
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(rand.Int63n(1000)))
		r <- 2
	}()

	return r
}

func main() {
	var r int32
	select {
	case r = <-one():
	case r = <-two():
	}

	fmt.Println(r)
}

select-case is the pattern that Go designed specifically for racing channel operations. We can even do more stuff within each case, but we’re focusing only on the result so we just leave them all empty.

Promise.then() and Promise.catch()

Because Go’s error propagation model is very different from Javascript, there’s any clean way to replicate Promise.then() and Promise.catch(). In Go, error is returned along with return values instead of being thrown as exception. Therefore, if your function can fail, you can consider changing your return <-chan ReturnType into <-chan ReturnAndErrorType, which is a struct holding both the result and error.

Go style Promise&then

type Promise struct {
    wg  sync.WaitGroup
    res string
    err error
}

func NewPromise(f func() (string, error)) *Promise {
    p := &Promise{}
    p.wg.Add(1)
    go func() {
        p.res, p.err = f()
        p.wg.Done()
    }()
    return p
}

func (p *Promise) Then(r func(string), e func(error)) {
    go func() {
        p.wg.Wait()
        if p.err != nil {
            e(p.err)
            return
        }
        r(p.res)
    }()
}